Fayola’s Principles of Management

In addition to these six management activities, Fayola identifies 14 universal of management which are aimed at showing managers how to as their function duties. He himself followed them:

1) Division of labor : This improves the efficiency of labor through specialization, reducing labor time and increasing skill development. 

2) Authority: This is the right to give orders which always carry possibility commensurate with its privileges.

3) Discipline : It relies on respect for the rules, policies, and agreements that govern an organization. Fayal ordains that discipline requires good superiors at all levels.

4.) Unity of command : This means that subordinates should receive orders from one superior only, thus: avoiding confusion and conflict.

5.) Unity of direction : This means that there should be unity in the directions given by a boss to his subordinates. There should not be my conflict in the directions given by a boss.

6.) Subordination of individual interest to common good : According to this principle, the needs of individuals and groups within an organization should not take precedence over the needs of the organization as a whole.

7.) Remuneration : Wages should be equitable an employees and superiors. 

8.  Centralization : Levels at which decisions are to be made should depend on the specific situation, no level of centralization or decentralization is ideal for all situations.

9.   Scalar chain : The relationship among all levels in the organizational hierarchy and exact lines of authority should be unmistakably clear and usually followed at all times, excepting special circumstances when some departure might be necessary.

10. Order : Here Fayal means that there should be a place for everything and everyone, and everything and everyone should be in its place. This is essentially a principle of organization in the arrangement of things and people.

11. Equity: Employees should be treated equitably in order to elicit  loyalty and devotion from them.

12. Stability of revenue : Viewing unnecessary turnover to be both the cause and the effect of bad management. Fayol points out its danger and costs.

13. Initiative : Subordinates should be encouraged to conceive and carryout ideas.

14. Esprit de corps : Team work, a sense of unity and togetherness. should be fostered and maintained.

Fayal was of the opinion that the application of these principles should be flexible enough to match each specific organizational situation. Subsequently, however, the rigid application of these functions by managers came under criticism. But the fact remains that his contention that management is a continuous process beginning with planning and ending with controlling also remains popular today and can be found in nearly all management texts.