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The Elements of Science in Managing


Science presupposes the existence of organized knowledge. The essence of science is the application of scientific method to the development of knowledge which proceeds through the stages discussed below :

(a) Concepts : Scientific approach requires clear "concepts"-mental images of anything formed by generalization from particulars.
(b) Methods and principles : "Scientific method" involves the determination of facts through observation. This leads to the development of "principles" which have value in predicting what will happen in similar circumstances.
(c) Theories : Any branch of science has theories. A 'theory" is a systematic grouping of interdependent concepts and principles that give a framework to, or ties together, a significant
(d) Organized knowledge : As a matter of fact management today is a distinct field of organized knowledge. It is composed of concepts, methods, principles. theories etc. Concepts and methods of managing help the formulation of principles and theories of management. Principles of management are fundamental truths in managing, explaining relationship between two or more sets of variables. For example. the principle of unity of command states that the more often an individual reports to a single superior. the more likely it is that the individual will feel a sense of loyalty and obligation and the less likely it is that there will be confusion about instruction.
(e) Practice : The theories of managing are the results of practice. and the role of such theories is to provide a systematic grouping of interdependent concepts and principles that furnishes a framework to, or am together significant pertinent management knowledge. The theories of motivation. leadership, and so on may be cited as examples. But it is to be borne in mind that concepts, methods. principles of management are not as rigid as those of the physical sciences. They may undergo revision and cringe under new socio-political and economic circumstances.

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